Jet fuel markets have tightened sharply, with prices jumping roughly +70% over the past six weeks to around $4.24 per gallon, based on the Argus US Jet Fuel Index.
In Europe, inventories are estimated at about six weeks of supply, though the situation is uneven. Countries such as the UK, Iceland, and the Netherlands appear most exposed, while Austria, Bulgaria, and Poland maintain more comfortable buffers, according to Turkish economist, Fatih Birol.
The vulnerability stems from refining dynamics. Only about 10% of a barrel of crude is converted into jet fuel, making it particularly sensitive to disruptions, as highlighted by GasBuddy.
In Asia, supply strains intensified after China and Thailand curtailed exports to prioritise domestic demand, leaving import-reliant markets like Vietnam, Myanmar, and Pakistan facing shortages.
Airlines are already reacting. Major European airlines, including Lufthansa, Air France-KLM, and Ryanair, have started trimming capacity and rationing fuel, with some Italian airports introducing restrictions.
Pricing pressure is feeding through to consumers: round-trip fares between Tokyo and London on All Nippon Airways surged nearly +90% in the 50 days following the outbreak of the Iran conflict, reaching roughly $3,010, according to Nikkei.
If elevated kerosene prices persist, fuel surcharges on Japan–Europe routes could exceed $500 per ticket, with both Japan Airlines and All Nippon Airways considering higher surcharge caps.